3D VLSI - Paper Presentation

3D VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integration )

As all of us are well known with the Paper Presentation, paper presentation is important part of engineering. Here is the paper presented by me and my friend on topic 3D VLSI. VLSI means very large scale integration. It is overall depend on the Moore law. Moore’s law was created by Gordon E. Moore, who is the Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation. It says that the “The number of transistors on an integrated circuit will double every 18 months.” 3D VLSI is the next step of the VLSI. In VLSI the IC’s are arranged in horizontal order but in 3 dimensional VLSI the IC’s were fabricated vertical order, due to arranging in vertical order the space of the device will be minimum. But there is also limitation for 3D VLSI; we need to increase the level of the device to a particular length. The following is the information about the 3D VLSI

For any query comment below.

Origins of VLSI

—  Much development motivated by WWII need for improved electronics, especially for radar

—  1940 - Russell Ohl (Bell Laboratories) - first pn junction

—  1948 - Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain (Bell Laboratories) - first transistor

◦      1956 Nobel Physics Prize

—  Late 1950s - purification of Si advances to acceptable levels for use in electronics

—  1958 - Seymour Cray (Control Data Corporation) - first transistorized computer - CDC 1604

—  1959 - Jack St. Claire Kilby (Texas Instruments) - first integrated circuit - 10 components on 9 mm²

—  1959 - Robert Norton Noyce (founder, Fairchild Semiconductor) - improved integrated circuit

—  1968 - Noyce, Gordon E. Moore found Intel

—  1971 - Ted Hoff (Intel) - first microprocessor (4004) - 2300 transistors on 9 mm²

—  Since then - continued improvement in technology has allowed for increased performance as predicted by Moore’s Law

Moore’s Law

• Gordon E. Moore - Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation

• 1965 - observed trends in industry - # of transistors on ICs vs. release dates:

–  Noticed number of transistors doubling with release of each new IC generation

–   release dates (separate generations) were all 18-24 months apart

•  Moore’s Law:

–  The number of transistors on an integrated circuit will double every 18 months

• The level of integration of silicon technology as measured in terms of number of devices per IC

•  This comes about in two ways – size reduction of the individual devices and increase in the chip or dice size

•  As an indication of size reduction, it is interesting to note that feature size was measured in mils (1/1000 inch, 1 mil = 25 mm) up to early 1970’s, whereas now all features are measured in mm’s (1 mm = 10^-6 m or 10^-4 cm)

•  Semiconductor industry has followed this prediction with surprising accuracy

Limits of Moore’s Law?

 
  — Growth expected until 30 nm gate length (currently: 180 nm)

◦      size halved every 18 mos. - reached in

   2001 + 1.5 log₂((180/30)²) = 2009

◦      what then?

  — Paradigm shift needed in fabrication process

Advantages of 3D VLSI

  — Speed - the time required for a signal to travel between the functional                circuit blocks in a system (delay) reduced.

◦      Delay depends on resistance/capacitance of interconnections

◦      resistance proportional to interconnection length

  — Noise - unwanted disturbances on a useful signal

◦      reflection noise (varying impedance along interconnect)

◦      crosstalk noise (interference between interconnects)

◦      electromagnetic interference (EMI) (caused by current in pins)

   — 3D chips

◦      fewer, shorter interconnects

               ◦      fewer pins 

To Download full Printable Version Click Here : https://www.dropbox.com/s/c68i6snsx82dea3/3D%20VLSI.pdf



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Touch Screen Displays

Touch Screen Displays

As all of us known about the touchscreen displays which we are using in our mobile phones, tablets, laptops and also it can be used in the smart TV displays. Instead of using keys we are using touchscreen displays. Using touchscreen we can interact directly with what is displayed.    

What is Touch Screen Technology?

Touchscreen technology is the direct manipulation type gesture based technology. Direct manipulation is the ability to manipulate digital world inside a screen without the use of command-line-commands. A device which works on touchscreen technology is coined as Touchscreen. A touchscreen is an electronic visual display capable of ‘detecting’ and effectively ‘locating’ a touch over its display area. It is sensitive to the touch of a human finger, hand, pointed finger nail and passive objects like stylus. Users can simply move things on the screen, scroll them, make them bigger and many more.

Hailing the History..!!

The first ever touchscreen was developed by E.A Johnson at the Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, UK in the late 1960s. Evidently, the first touchscreen was a capacitive type; the one widely used in smart phones nowadays. In 1971, a milestone to touchscreen technology was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst, an instructor at the University of Kentucky Research   Foundation. It was a touch sensor named ‘Elograph’. Later in 1974, Hurst in association with his company Elographics came up with the first real touchscreen featuring a transparent surface. In 1977, Elographics developed and patented a resistive touchscreen technology, one of the most popular touchscreen technologies in use today.

Ever since then, touchscreen displays are widely used in computers, user interactive machines, public kiosks, point of sale applications, gaming consoles, smartphones, tablets, etc.

Types of Touchscreen Technology

Let us now give an engineer’s eye to this revolutionary technology. A touchscreen is a 2 dimensional sensing device made of 2 sheets of material separated by spacers. There are four main touchscreen technologies:

1)      Resistive

2)      Capacitive

3)      Surface Acoustic Wave

4)      Infrared

1.      Resistive Touchscreen Technology

The resistive touchscreen consists of a flexible top layer made of Polyethylene (PET) and a rigid bottom layer made of glass. Both the layers are coated with a conducting compound called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and then spaced with spacers. While the monitor is operational, an electric current flows between the two layers. When a touch is made, the flexible screen presses down and touches the bottom layer. A change in electrical current is hence detected and the coordinates of the point of touch is calculated by the controller and parsed into readable signals for the operating system to react accordingly. 

Some of the popular devices that use Resistive Touchscreen are Nintendo DS, Nokia N97, HTC Touch Pro2, HTC Tattoo, Sony Ericsson Satio, etc.

These systems transmit only 75% of light from the monitor. The resistive touchscreen is further divided into 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-wired resistive touchscreen. While the constructive design of all these modules is similar there is a major distinction in each of its method to determine the coordinates of touch.

The Four-wire Resistive Touchscreen uses both the layers to calculate the axes information of the touch. Touch measurement in the 4-wire is a 2 step process. The x-coordinate of the touch point is calculated by creating a voltage gradient on the flexible layer, and the y-coordinate is determined by creating a voltage gradient along the bottom layer.

Pros and Cons: Consequently, the 4-wire resistive touchscreen is less durable, feebly accurate and can drift with environmental changes. However these negatives are divulged only with large-sized touchscreen. These are relatively cheap, easily available and consume low power.

The Eight-wire Resistive Touchscreen is simply a variation of the 4-wire one with the addition of 4 sense wires, two for each layer. The sensing points aid in reducing the environmental drift to increase the stability of the system. The 8-wire systems are employed in sizes of 10.4” or larger where the drift can be significant.

The Five-wire Resistive Touchscreen do not uses the coversheet (flexible layer) in determining the touch coordinate. All the position sensing is employed on the stable glass layer. In this design, one wire goes to the coversheet and four wires are deployed to the four corners of the bottom sheet. The coversheet only acts as a voltage measuring probe. The functioning of the touchscreen remains unscathed even with changes in the uniformity of the conductive coating over the coversheet.

Pros and Cons: Highly durable, accurate and reliable. This technology involves complex electronics and is expensive. However, it can be used in sizes upto 22”.

The Six and Seven wire resistive touchscreen is also a variant to the 5 and 4 wire technology respectively. In the 6-wire resistive touchscreen an extra ground layer is added behind the glass plate which is said to improve system’s performance. While, the seven–wire variant has two sense lines on the bottom plate. However, these technologies are as prevalent as their counterparts. The Resistive Touchscreen works well with almost any stylus-like object.

2.      Capacitive Touchscreen Technology

The Capacitive Touchscreen Technology is the most popular and durable touchscreen technology used all over the world at most. It consists of a glass panel coated with a capacitive (conductive) material Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The capacitive systems transmit almost 90% of light from the monitor. Some of the devices using capacitive touchscreen are Motorola Xoom, Samsung Galaxy Tab, Samsung Galaxy SII, Apple’s iPad. There are various capacitive technologies available as explained below.

Surface-Capacitive screens, in this technique only one side of the insulator are coated with a conducting layer. While the monitor is operational, a uniform electrostatic field is formed over the conductive layer. Whenever, a human finger touches the screen, conduction of electric charges occurs over the uncoated layer which results in the formation of a dynamic capacitor. The computer or the controller then detects the position of touch by measuring the change in capacitance at the four corners of the screen.

Pros and Cons: The surface capacitive touchscreen is moderately durable and needs calibration during manufacture. Since a conductive material is required to operate this screen, passive stylus cannot be used for surface capacitive touchscreen.

 In the Projected-Capacitive Touchscreen Technology, the conductive ITO layer is etched to form a grid of multiple horizontal and vertical electrodes. It involves sensing along both the X and Y axis using clearly etched ITO pattern.

The projective screen contains a sensor at every intersection of the row and column, thereby increasing the accuracy of the system. There are two types of projected capacitive touchscreen: Mutual Capacitance and Self Capacitance

3.      Surface Acoustic Wave Touchscreen technology

The Surface Acoustic Wave Touchscreen technology contains two transducers (transmitting and receiving) placed along the X-axis and Y-axis of the monitor’s glass plate along with some reflectors. The waves propagate across the glass and are reflected back to the sensors.  When the screen is touched, the waves are absorbed and a touch is detected at that point. These reflectors reflect all electrical signals sent from one transducer to another. This technology provides excellent throughput and image clarity.

  Pros and Cons: 100% clarity is obtained as no metallic layers are present on the screen, it can be operated using passive devices like stylus, glove or finger nail. Screen can get contaminated with much exposure to dirt, oil which may haunt its smooth functioning.

4.      Infrared Touchscreen Technology

In the Infrared Touchscreen Technology, an array of X- and Y- axes are fitted with pairs of IR Leds and photo detectors. The photo detectors detect any change in the pattern of light emitted by the Leds whenever the user touches the monitor/screen.

The potential novice touchscreen technology has many advantages over the conventional QWERTY keyboard and monitor. It is very flexible as opposed to its physical counterparts since the digital displays can be configured anytime at will of the user as per the functionalities. Touchscreen allows users to customize the interface for example alteration of language and size. By adjusting the size of the keyboard, user can utilize the spare area for display and other uses. With the decreasing size of computers and tablets these days, touchscreen is an added advantage. Multiple functions has to be performed on a small screen, touchscreen allows switching to a function at user’s will. For example, virtual keyboard which is an application of touchscreen is displayed on the screen only when the user allows it to be.

Apple iPhone: ‘Multitouch’ now is a trademark by Apple who rightly proved it with a bang with the first most successful multitouch device ever; the iPhone. The first iPhone was unveiled on January 9, 2007. iPhone is no less than a revolution in the touchscreen industry with its maestro functionalities and applications. It uses Mutual Capacitance Technology as its touchscreen. The capacitive touchscreen can only be operated by bare finger or multiple fingers for multi touch.   

Microsoft Surface: is a multi-touch product from Microsoft that allows multiple users to manipulate digital content through surface computing. The main feature of this product is its Surface’s interface: Direct interaction, multi-touch contact, object recognition and multi-user experience. It is not based on and limited by the conventional touch technology. The surface utilizes Frustrated Total Internal Reflection and underneath projectors for its display operation. It is indeed a milestone in the multi-touch scenario.

Reference:

Wikipedia.org

Electronics.Howstuffworks.com

Engineersgarrage.com

Books.google.com

Touchscreendisplays.ca

etouchtechnologies.com

Click Here to download this in PDF : https://www.dropbox.com/s/6zmk258crjyc7ds/Touch%20Screen%20Display.pdf

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NOKIA’S LUMIA 1020

NOKIA’S LUMIA 1020

            Finally the Nokia launched his first windows 8 based smartphone. Yesterday in New York Nokia is holding a press event in which the most waited smartphone Lumia 1020 has been launched, the huge feature of this smartphone is that it has a 41 mega pixel image sensor which will help to capture every movement of life.

The Lumia 1020 can zoom upto 3x. It has 1.5GHz dual-core Snapdragon processor with 2000 mAh battery. Super Sensitive Touch technology is present, too, allowing you to operate the phone with gloves and nails.

Main camera is of 41-megapixel with optical image stabilization with resolution 7712 x 5360. And front camera of the 1.2-megapixel which can also capture in HD. Display size is 4.5” having weight 158 g. The Lumia 1020 has 32GB inbuilt memory, also it gives 7GB free SkyDrive cloud storage. The drawback of this smartphone is that it does not support micro SD card. The 32GB memory is not enough to store all the data. As the camera has 41 megapixel which can shoot in HD. The image will be more than 20MB and recorded video will take more memory. So it need to increase the memory up to 64GB. Also it has 2GB RAM, having 3.5 mm audio connector at the upper side. It supports USB 2.0 and Bluetooth 3.0 with single sim based security. Wireless charging can be supported using camera grip. We can also buy aftermarket Lumia 1020 accessories like a wireless charging cover or this camera grip.     

The cost of the lumia 1020 is around 300$. This is available for purchasing expected to start on July 26^th.

Features

Processor: 1.5GHz dual-core Snapdragon

Operating System: Windows 8

Main camera: Pure View 41-megapixel with optical image stabilization

Resolution: 7712 x 5360

Zoom: 3x

Front facing camera: HD 1.2-megapixel wide angle

Battery: 2000 mAh battery, wireless charging supported via cover

Memory: 2GB RAM, 32GB internal memory, 7GB free SkyDrive cloud storage and  does not supports micro SD

Size/weight: 130.4 x 71.4 x 10.4mm, Weight: 158g

Other features: 3.5 mm audio connector, USB2.0, BT 3.0

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Mini Project Topics for Electronics

Mini Project Topics for Electronics

            Electronics is the branch of science and technology which deals with the study of the resistor, capacitor, inductors, thyristors and much more. Students who are learning in polytechnic, engineering in electronics branch knows about the mini project. In final year we need to create the mini project. Mini project was the important part in the final year of electronics that must me innovative and much more….. For that many problems arises in our mind to create mini project as when I am going to create the mini project many problems occurred. These are the some mini projects topics, using which you can create your project. I think this will be helpful to you to choose your project. For any queries you can ask me.       

1)      Smart Solar Charger

2)      Energy Saving System using persons movement

3)      RF Based multiple device control using microcontroller

4)      Microcontroller based temperature indicator

5)      Battery bank protector with multiple features

6)      PC based wireless control for toy car

7)      Microcontroller based solar charger

8)      Digital respiration rate meter

9)      Car bonnet light control using tilt sensor

10)  Time controlled switch using PIC16F72

11)  Automatic line following robot

12)  Motion sensor for security light

13)  IR controlled water supply

14)  Cellphone based remote controller for water pump

15)  Phone bell auto silencer

16)  Lie detector

17)  Heat sensitive switch

18)  Night vision digital goggle

19)  Street light controller

20)  Musical water shower

21)  PC Based Robot

22)  A Voice Guiding System for Autonomous Robots

23)  Electronic Card Lock System

24)  Mobile Jammer

25)  Security system using smartcard technology

26)  31 channel RF remote control

27)  SMS based automation system

28)  RF based dual mode robot

29)  Bhajan and Mantra Chanting amplifier

30)  Cupboard light

31)  Automatic wireless health monitoring system in hospital for patients

32)  Password based circuit breaker

33)  TV remote operated domestic appliances control

34)  Object detection by ultrasonic means

35)  Street light that glows on detecting vehicle movement

36)  Solar powered LED street light with auto intensity

37)  Fire fighting robotic vehicle

38)  War field spying Robot with night vision wireless camera

39)  Theft Intimation of the Vehicle Over SMS to Owner Who Can Stop the Engine Remotely

40)  Cell Phone Based DTMF Controlled Garage Door Opening System

41)  RFID based attendance system

42)  Wireless Power Transfer

43)  Hidden Active Cell Phone Detector

44)  Remote Jamming Device

45)  Sun Tracking Solar Panel

46)  Railway Track Security System

47)  Electronic Eye Controlled Security System    

48)  Wireless Audio Transmitter for TV

49)  PC Controlled Scrolling Message Display for Notice Board

50)  Touch Screen Based Home Automation System

51)  Wireless message Communication Between Two Computers

52)  Solar Powered Auto irrigation System

53)  Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle

54)  Touch Screen Based Remote Controlled Robotic Vehicle for Stores Management

55)  Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle

56)  Automatic Bell System for Institutions

57)  Portable Programmable Medication Reminder Using PIC Microcontroller

58)  Using TV Remote as a Cordless Mouse for the Computer Using PIC Microcontroller

59)  Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement using PIC

60)  Cell Phone Operated Robot

61)  Microcontroller Based Barcode Decoder

62)  Virtual Class Rooms

63)  Automatic Over Speed Detector

64)  Electricity Theft Monitoring System

65)  Energy Consumption Indicators

66)  Micro Controller based Power Theft Identifier

67)  Attendance Monitoring Intelligent Classroom

68)  Bomb Detection Robotics Using Embedded Controller

69)  Electronic Vehicle Identification In The Intelligent City

70)  Wireless Unmanned Tanker Robot

71)  Intelligent Wireless Talking Bus Stop

72)  Intelligent Alcohol Detection System for CAR

73)  Over Speed Indication And Automatic Accident Avoiding System For Four Wheeler

74)  Wireless Advanced Flight Systems Aircraft Monitoring System

75)  Voice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher Vehicle

76)  Parking Warning System

77)  Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter

78)  Faster Finger First Indicator

79)  Automatic Toll Tax using card

80)  Human motion detecting based Security

81)  Earth quake relief robot

82)  Human root tracking system by using GPS

83)  Finger print based library management system

84)  Microcontroller based wireless energy meter

85)  Microcontroller based sky car parking system

86)  Microcontroller based traffic density controller

87)  Web based home appliances controlling system

88)  Microcontroller based Auto-Dialer Home Security System

89)  Green House Monitoring And Control

90)  Anti-Theft Alarm For Bikes   

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